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Testing

Question 1

1 point

At what age intentional agent cognition in humans begins?

2 months

2 years

9 months

9 weeks

Question 2

1 point

Front-horizontal foreshortening theory and carpentered world theory share these common characteristics:

The way we see the world is developed over time and experience

What we see is a combination of light reflection and learning

We live in a 3 dimensional world

All of the above

Question 3

1 point

W.H.R. Rivers (1905) concluded this through their optical illusion research :

Culture effects the way we perceive the world

The effect of the illusion differs between the cultures

There were no cultural differences in the results

Both A and B

Question 4

1 point

Stewart (1973) first tested the effects of the Mueller–Lyer illusion on both black and white children living in one American town and later tested children in Zambia and found:

No differences between the two racial groups

The effects of the illusion depends on the degree of carpentered environment

The effect declines with age

All of the above

Question 5

1 point

Masuda and Nisbett (2001) conducted a cross cultural study with Japanese and Americans and found:

There were no differences in recalling the focal object in the picture

Japanese remembered background elements better

Japanese were more influenced by background changes in the picture

The background did not affect Americans

All of the above

Question 6

1 point

Miyamoto, Nisbett, and Masuda tested whether Japanese and American differences in perception are due to environmental differences and found that:

The environment is linked to the cultural differences in perception and attention

The environment is not related to cultural differences

Americans and Japanese reported more contextual changes after viewing the pictures from the Japanese environment

Both A and C

Question 7

1 point

According to findings of Bruner, Oliver, and Greenfield (1966) as Western children grow older

They group things by shape, then function

They group things by size, then shape

They group things by color

They group things by function and color

Question 8

1 point

Chiu (1972) found that Chinese children

Tended to group objects according to relationship

Tended to group objects according to shared features

Tended to group objects according to the size

Tended to group objects according to the shape

Question 9

1 point

______ around the world are/is rather stable and are/is related to interesting and important psychological characteristics. Men are generally viewed as active, strong, critical, and mature, with psychological needs such as dominance, autonomy, aggression, exhibition, achievement, and endurance. Fill in the blank.

Gender stereotypes

Gender differences

Self-identity

Gender identity

Question 10

1 point

According to a (n) ___________, males look for younger, chaste mates to bear offspring, while females look for mates that can provide offspring in the long term.

Social learning theory

Terror management theory

Evolutionary model

Base-relational theory

Question 11

1 point

Zubeidat and Vera-Villarroel (2006) and other researchers found that gender differences in ______ appear to be universal.

Jealousy

Anger

Aggressiveness

Contempt

Question 12

1 point

What is the source of gender-role socialization?

Expectation from parents

Modeling of gender roles by peers

Images of males and females in the media

All of the above

Question 13

1 point

According to Berry et al, and her colleagues, aggressiveness is viewed as “gender marking” behavior. They suggested that male aggression may be a __________ mechanism to offset the conflict produced by a young male’s identification with a female care provider and his initiation into adulthood as a male. Fill in the blank.

Compensatory

Aggression

Passiveness

Openness

Question 14

1 point

Many of the cultural changes that are brought by _________ raise the tension between tradition and progress, conservatism and liberalism.

Education

Hobbies

Economics

Personality

Question 15

1 point

Sexual identity means the degree of awareness and recognition by an individual of his or her ____ and ______. Fill in the blanks respectively.

Sex and sex roles

Gender and gender roles

Sex and gender

Self-identity, gender identity

Question 16

1 point

In the United States, our views of health have been heavily influenced by what many call the _________ of health and disease. Fill in the blanks respectively.

Worldwide mental health model

Biomedical model

Aggression model

Phenomenological model

Question 17

1 point

The concept of ______ has been used in recent years in contemporary psychology to denote not only a lack of disease, but the presence of positive health states.

Stress

Skepticism

Hardiness

Depression

Question 18

1 point

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Concept of health does not differ between cultures, nor within a pluralistic culture such as the United States or Canada

The behaviors, such as displeasing the holy people of the past or the present; disturbing animal and plant life, and breaking social rules and taboos, is not the result of the ill health

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) incorporates medical and health care systems and practices that are not considered conventional medicine to treat illness and promote health

None of the above

Question 19

1 point

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of culture and conceptions of the body?

MacLachlan (1997) points out that common theories of disease in many Latin American cultures involve a balance between hot and cold which is similar to the concept of yin and yang in Chinese

Social and cultural factors play a major role in the perception of one’s own and other’s body shapes, and these perceptions influence the relationship between culture and health

The longer some immigrants lived in traditionally Western cultures, the more their perception of ideal body shape changed to one that is thinner; Furnham and Alibhai (1983) found that the perception of body shape of the Kenyan British was different from those of the British

None of the above

Question 20

1 point

Which one of the findings by Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996) explain correctly the relationship between cultural dimensions and incidence of diseases?

High power distance is positively related to the rates of infections and parasitic diseases

High individualism is negatively related to the rates of malignant neoplasm, circulatory disease, and heart disease

High uncertainty avoidance predicts high rates of cerebrovascular disease

High Masculinity predicts low rates of infections, parasitic diseases and cerebrovascular disease

Question 21

1 point

According to the WHO report, countries with religions that strongly condemned the act of suicide had lower reported rates of suicide than countries without religions that strongly condemned suicide. However, researchers suggested that the reports may have been biased because _____________.

The sample size is small

The results was reported by the WHO

The countries with religious sanctions against suicide may have been less willing to report and record suicides

None of the above

Question 22

1 point

What should we have to be aware of in order to develop effective methods of both assessment and treatment?

Culture-specific systems of healing

Universality of healing

Lists of hospitals across cultures

Social economical status

Question 23

1 point

Triandis and his colleagues (1988) suggested that culture, specifically ______, plays an important role in mediating stress, which affects health. Fill in the blank.

Personality

Language

Education

Social support

Question 24

1 point

The seven basic emotions that are expressed universally in all humans are:

Shame, disgust, anger, contempt, fear, happiness, sadness

Anger, contempt, fear, happiness, pride, sadness, surprise

Disgust, fear, happiness, guilt, sadness, surprise, contempt

Anger, disgust, contempt, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Question 25

1 point

Much of the momentum for contemporary cross-cultural research on facial expressions of emotions has come from the writings of ______________. Fill in the blank

Sylvan Tomkins

Charles Darwin

Paul Ekman

None of the above

Question 26

1 point

Being kept from something, your desire can be seen as a universal underlying psychological theme for _________________. What is this?

Surprise

Fear

Disgust

Sadness

Question 27

1 point

Death of family members, physical separation from loved ones, and world news are more frequent triggers of sadness for Americans than Japanese. This is an example of how cultural differences exist in the relative frequencies of the various ____________ events that bring about an emotion. Fill in the blank.

Appraisal

Antecedent

Physiological

Psychological

Question 28

1 point

_________ govern the interpretation and perception of emotion. These are learned culturally based rules that shape how people of each culture view and interpret the emotional expressions of others. What are these rules?

Encoding rules

Display rules

Decoding rules

Masking rules

Question 29

1 point

Because Japanese identify emotions in hara-the gut, and that the Americans identify emotions in the heart suggests that _____________________________.

Emotions are understood differently and have different meanings for each culture

Emotions are understood similarly and have the exact same meanings for each culture

Emotions are exclusively felt on a physical level

None of the above

Question 30

1 point

The James Lange (1927) theory of emotion suggests

First fear occurs, then the symptoms of fear (i.e., visceral changes) result

First symptoms (i.e., visceral changes) occur, then fear results

First a scary bear appears, then running (i.e., location changes) results

None of the above

 

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